Historical Background of Indian Constitution

Before 1947, India was divided into two main entities – The British India which consisted of 11 provinces and the Princely states ruled by Indian princes under subsidiary alliance policy. The two entities merged together to form the Indian Union, but many of the legacy systems in British India is followed even now. The historical underpinnings and evolution of the India Constitution can be traced to many regulations and acts passed before Indian Independence.

Indian System of Administration

Indian democracy is Parliamentary form of democracy where executive is responsible to the Parliament. The Parliament has two houses – Loksabha and Rajyasabha. Also the type of governance is Federal, ie there is separate executive and legislature at Center and States. We also have self governance at local government levels. All these systems owe their legacy to the British administration. Let us see the historical background of Indian Constitution and its development through years.

Regulating Act of 1773

The first step taken by the British Parliament to control and regulate the affairs of the East India Company in India.

It designated the Governor of Bengal (Fort William) as the Governor-General (of Bengal).

Warren Hastings became the first Governor-General of Bengal.

Executive Council of the Governor-General was established (Four members). There was no separate legislative council.

It subordinated the Governors of Bombay and Madras to the Governor-General of Bengal.

The Supreme Court was established at Fort William (Calcutta) as the Apex Court in 1774.

It prohibited servants of the company from engaging in any private trade or accepting bribes from the natives.

Court of Directors (governing body of the company) should report its revenue.

Pitt’s India Act of 1784

Distinguished between commercial and political functions of the company.

Court of Directors for Commercial functions and Board of Control for political affairs.

Reduced the strength of the Governor General’s council to three members.

Placed the Indian affairs under the direct control of the British Government.

The companies territories in India were called “the British possession in India”.

Governor’s councils were established in Madras and Bombay.

Also read: Major Landforms - Mountains, Plateaus, and Plains: Learn faster

Charter Act of 1813

The Company’s monopoly over Indian trade terminated; Trade with India open to all British subjects.

Charter Act of 1833

Governor-General (of Bengal) became as the Governor-General of India.

First Governor-General of India was Lord William Bentick.

This was the final step towards centralization in the British India.

Beginning of a Central legislature for India as the act also took away legislative powers of Bombay and Madras provinces.

The Act ended the activities of the East India Company as a commercial body and it became a pure administrative body.

Charter Act of 1853

The legislative and executive functions of the Governor-General’s Council were separated.

6 members in Central legislative council. Four out of six members were appointed by the provisional governments of Madras, Bombay, Bengal and Agra.

It introduced a system of open competition as the basis for the recruitment of civil servants of the Company (Indian Civil Service opened for all).

Government of India Act of 1858

The rule of Company was replaced by the rule of the Crown in India.

The powers of the British Crown were to be exercised by the Secretary of State for India

He was assisted by the Council of India, having 15 members

He was vested with complete authority and control over the Indian administration through the Vice roy as his agent

The Governor-General was made the Viceroy of India.

Lord Canning was the first Viceroy of India.

Abolished Board of Control and Court of Directors.

Indian Councils Act of 1861

It introduced for the first time Indian representation in the institutions like Viceroy’s executive+legislative council (non-official). 3 Indians entered Legislative council.

Legislative councils were established in Center and provinces.

It provided that the Vice-roys Executive Council should have some Indians as the non-official members while transacting the legislative businesses.

It accorded statutory recognition to the portfolio system.

Initiated the process of decentralisation by restoring the legislative powers to the Bombay and the Madras Provinces.

India Council Act of 1892

Introduced indirect elections (nomination).

Enlarged the size of the legislative councils.

Enlarged the functions of the Legislative Councils and gave them the power of discussing the Budget and addressing questions to the Executive.

Also read: Indian Constitution Parts and Articles

Indian Councils Act of 1909

This Act is also known as the Morley- Minto Reforms.

Direct elections to legislative councils; first attempt at introducing a representative and popular element.

It changed the name of the Central Legislative Council to the Imperial Legislative Council.

The member of Central Legislative Council was increased to 60 from 16.

Introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims by accepting the concept of ‘separate electorate’.

Indians for the first time in Viceroys executive council. (Satyendra Prasad Sinha, as the law member)

Government of India Act of 1919

This Act is also known as the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms.

The Central subjects were demarcated and separated from those of the Provincial subjects.

The scheme of dual governance, ‘Dyarchy’, was introduced in the Provincial subjects.

Under dyarchy system, the provincial subjects were divided into two parts – transferred and reserved. On reserved subjects Governor was not responsible to the Legislative council.

The Act introduced, for the first time, bicameralism at center.

Legislative Assembly with 140 members and Legislative council with 60 members.

Direct elections.

The Act also required that the three of the six members of the Viceroy’s Executive Council (other than Commander-in-Chief) were to be Indians.

Provided for the establishment of Public Service Commission.

Government of India Act of 1935

The Act provided for the establishment of an All-India Federation consisting of the Provinces and the Princely States as units, though the envisaged federation never came into being.

Three Lists : The Act divided the powers between the Centre and the units in items of three lists, namely the Federal List, the Provincial List and the Concurrent List.

The Federal List for the Centre consisted of 59 items, the Provincial List for the provinces consisted of 54 items and the Concurrent List for both consisted of 36 items

The residuary powers were vested with the Governor-General.

The Act abolished the Dyarchy in the Provinces and introduced ‘Provincial Autonomy’.

It provided for the adoption of Dyarchy at the Centre.

Introduced bicameralism in 6 out of 11 Provinces.

These six Provinces were Assam, Bengal, Bombay, Bihar, Madras and the United Province.

Provided for the establishment of Federal Court.

Abolished the Council of India.

Indian Independence Act of 1947

It declared India as an Independent and Sovereign State.

Established responsible Governments at both the Centre and the Provinces.

Designated the Viceroy India and the provincial Governors as the Constitutional (normal heads).

It assigned dual functions (Constituent and Legislative) to the Constituent Assembly and declared this dominion legislature as a sovereign body.

Constitution of India

Laws made before Charter Act of 1833 were called Regulations and those made after are called Acts.

Lord Warren Hastings created the office of District Collector in 1772, but judicial powers were separated from District collector later by Cornwalis.

From the powerful authorities of unchecked executives, the Indian administration developed into a responsible government answerable to the legislature and people.

The development of portfolio system and budget points to the separation of power.

Lord Mayo’s resolution on financial decentralization visualized the development of local self-government institutions in India (1870).

1882: Lord Ripon’s resolution was hailed as the ‘Magna Carta’ of local self government. He is regarded as the ‘Father of local self-government in India’.

1921: Railway Budget was separated from the General Budget.

From 1773 to 1858, the British tried for the centralization of power. It was from the 1861 Councils act they shifted towards devolution of power with provinces.

1833 Charter act was the most important act before the act of 1909.

Till 1947, the Government of India functioned under the provisions of the 1919 Act only. The provisions of 1935 Act relating to Federation and Dyarchy were never implemented.

The Executive Council provided by the 1919 Act continued to advice the Viceroy till 1947. The modern executive (Council of Ministers) owes its legacy to the executive council.

The Legislative Council and Assembly developed into Rajyasabha and Loksabha after independence.

PAN CARD के नियमों में हो गए हैं बदलाव

देश में मौजूद ब्लैक मनी पर काबू पाने के लिए मोदी सरकार ने नोटबंदी जैसा ऐतिहासिक कदम उठाया है। इस कदम के बाद लोगों को कैश की तंगी से तो जूझना पड़ रहा है लेकिन जानकार इस कदम को अर्थव्यवस्था के लिए बेहतर भी मान रहे हैं।

अगर आपका बैंक में अकाउंट है और आप लगातार लेन-देन करते हैं तो आपके लिए ये जान लेना बेहद ज़रूरी है कि PAN CARD से जुड़े नियमों में कई बड़े बदलाव किए गए हैं। 

आपको बता रहा है कि क्या हैं पैन कार्ड से जुड़े नए नियम और अब आपको किन चीज़ों का ध्यान रखना होगा...

1. नोटबंदी के साथ ही सरकार ने ये घोषणा की थी कि अगर आप अपने अकाउंट में 2।5 लाख से ज्यादा रकम जमा कराते हैं तो इनकम टैक्स डिपार्टमेंट को इसकी जानकारी दी जाएगी। लेकिन शायद आप ये नहीं जानते कि 50 हज़ार या उससे ज्यादा की रकम भी बार-बार बैंक में जमा करने या निकालने पर बैंक इसका अलर्ट आईटी डिपार्टमेंट को भेज देगा। अगर बैंक आपकी इन हरकतों की जानकारी आईटी डिपार्टमेंट को देता है तो इसके बाद आपको अपने पैन कार्ड की पूरी जानकारी देना अनिवार्य होगा। बता दें कि पिछले दिनों ऐसी कई घटनाएं सामने आई हैं जिनमें पैन कार्ड देने से बचने के लिए 50 हजार रुपए से कम राशि कई बार बैंक अकाउंट में जमा करते हैं इसलिए अब 25 हज़ार से बड़े अमाउंट पर भी बैंक की नज़र बनी हुई है। 

2. नियमों में बदलाव उन लोगों के लिए भी किए गए हैं, जिनके अकाउंट पैन कार्ड से अभी तक नहीं जुड़े हैं। ऐसे लोगों को अब 50 हजार रुपए से ज्यादा कैश जमा कराने पर पैन कार्ड दिखाना जरूरी होगा। पैन कार्ड न होने पर पैसा जमा नहीं किया जाएगा।

3. अब से अगर आप बैंकिंग कंपनी या को-ऑपरेटिव बैंक से एक दिन में 50 हजार रुपए से ज्यादा के बैंक ड्रॉफ्ट खरीदते हैं तो भी आपको पैन कार्ड दिखाना जरूरी होगा। इसके अलावा इनकम टैक्स रिटर्न भरने के लिए पैन होना अब जरूरी है।

4. अगर आप बैंकिंग कंपनी या को-ऑपरेटिव बैंक में अकाउंट खोलते हैं तो पैन कार्ड की जरूरत होगी। इसमें जन धन अकाउंट शामिल नहीं है। यह नियम धोखाधड़ी को ध्यान में रखते हुए बनाया गया है। बता दें कि इससे पहले बहुत से लोग एक नाम से कई अकाउंट खुलवा लेते थे और हर अकाउंट में अलग-अलग तरीके से पैसों का लेन-देन होता था। ऐसे में पैसों की ट्रांजैक्शन पर सरकार की पूरी नजर रहेगी।

ऐसे मिनटों में खुद ही कर सकते हैं अप्लाई

अगर आपके पास पैन कार्ड नहीं है तो इसके लिए आप खुद ही ऑनलाइन अप्लाई कर सकते हैं। अप्लाई करने के लिए आप एनएसडीएल के पोर्टल www.tin-nsdl.com पर जाकर Services पर जाएं। वहां पैन में अप्लाई ऑनलाइन ऑप्शन में न्यू पैन पर क्लिक करें। इसके अलावा आप इनकम टैक्स डिपार्टमेंट की साइट www.incometaxindia.gov.in  पर जाएं।

वहां PAN ऑप्शन में जाकर अप्लाई ऑनलाइन पर क्लिक करें। वहां एनएसडीएल या UTIITSL के जरिए फॉर्म भरकर जमा कर सकते हैं। वेबसाइट से ही आप ऑनलाइन पेमेंट कर सकते हैं। इसके बाद एकनॉलिजमेंट फॉर्म का प्रिंटआउट लेकर उस पर अपना फोटो लगाएं और साइन करें। साथ में सभी जरूरी डॉक्युमेंट लगाकर कूरियर या स्पीड पोस्ट से NSDL/UTIITSL को भेजना होगा।

गौरतलब है कि नोटबंदी के बाद से ही सरकार ने बैंक ट्रांजैक्शन और पैन कार्ड की अनिवार्यता को लेकर नियमों में बदलाव किया है। नोटबंदी के फैसले के बाद से ही इनकम टैक्स डिपार्टमेंट की बैंक में पैसे जमा कराने वालों पर खास नजर है। अब कोई कालाधन बैंक तक धोखाधड़ी स न पहुंचा पाए इसके लिए इनकम टैक्‍स एक्‍ट एंड रूल के तहत प्रावधान 14बी में कई बदलाव किए गए हैं। मोटे तौर पर नए नियम के मुताबिक अब 50 हजार से ज्यादा हो या 2।5 लाख रुपए तक डिपॉजिट हो, सभी पर सरकार नजर रख रही है।

Attila the Hun : the most feared man in history who died of a nosebleed

Attila the Hun was born around 406 in Pannonia, a province of the Roman Empire (present-day Transdanubia, Hungary).

He was one of the most successful barbarian rulers of the Hunnic Empire, attacking the Eastern and Western Roman empires. “There, where I have passed, the grass will never grow again.” Attila the Hun

"Attila the Hun" portrait by sculptor George S. 

There is no other man in all recorded history that has been feared as much as Attila. Attila was known by the nickname “The Scourge of God”, referring to his reputation for creating a trail of devastation wherever he went.

Attila the Hun and his brother, Bleda, were named co-rulers of the Huns in 434 and the two brothers focused on consolidating the Hun Empire. The brothers tried to extend their empire into Persia but they were defeated by the Sassanids.

They made a peace treaty with the eastern half of the Roman Empire that provided Attila and Bleda to be personally paid 700 pounds of gold a year. However, Attila and his brother broke the peace treaty and launched series of attacks across the Danube River into the Eastern Roman Empire.

After 445, Attila murdered Bleda and became the sole commander of a force that extended from the Rhine to the Caspian and the western edges of China.

Attila destroyed the Eastern Roman Empire and Theodosius II was forced to agree to a peace treaty in which he gave Attila 2,100 pounds of gold a year.

He turned his attention west, towards France and he amassed an army of half a million men and invaded Gaul (now France). However, he was defeated at Chalons in 451 by Aetius, who had banded together with the Visigoths.

In 452 he marched into northern Italy, forcing Valentinian III to flee to Rome. After the “Scourge of God” destroyed many cities in Northern Italy, he met Pope Leo I as an emissary and somehow decided to spare Rome due to the diplomacy of Pope Leo I.

Attila was the greatest enemy of the western and eastern Roman Empires. He didn’t die in a battle, but of a nosebleed.

The stories say that he was at a great feast, celebrating his wedding to the young, beautiful Ildico, one of the several wives Attila had. Attila was found dead on his wedding night in the year of 453. He supposedly died naturally, choking on his own blood after a heavy feast.

No one knows where he was buried since the people who prepared his tomb were killed so that its location would remain unknown. After his death, his empire fell apart.

आज हम बात करते है एक ब्रांड के सुपरब्रांड बनाने के सफ़र के बारे में | सबसे पहले बात करते हैं “ब्रांड” शब्द के बारे में | दोस्तों ! आपने महसूस भी किया होगा कि किसी भी ब्रांड का नाम लेते ही उस ब्रांड का लोगो, प्रोडक्ट और उसकी लोकप्रियता का दृश्य हमारे आँखों के सामने उभर आता है | आपने देखा होगा कि पुराने जमाने में ब्रांड का मतलब होता था पहचान का निशान | पहले लोग अपनी वस्तुओं पर निशान लगाकर पहचान चिन्ह बनाते थे और यहाँ तक अपने पशुओं को पहचानने के लिए भी गर्म लोहे से पशुओं के शरीर पर निशान बना दिया जाता था, फिर 1827 से ब्रांड शब्द का इस्तेमाल बिजनेस की दुनिया में शुरू हुआ | तब से ब्रांड का मतलब हुआ एक अलग पहचान ! खासियत ! दूसरों से भिन्नता ! अनूठापन ! आज ब्रांड का अर्थ है ग्राहक के दिमाग में कंपनी या प्रोडक्ट की अलग पहचान | हर एक ब्रांड की एक कहानी होती है और एक वादे पर खत्म होती है | इसी प्रकार हर ब्रांड के पीछे एक प्रोडक्ट होता है और उस प्रोडक्ट के पीछे एक इंसान होता है |

तो आइये ! आज बात करते हैं आदिदास ब्रांड की जिसका प्रोडक्ट है स्पोर्ट्स शू और उसे बनाने वाले का नाम है एडोल्फ डैस्लर | आदिदास ब्रांड के पीछे दो भाइयों की मेहनत है | बाथरूम में बैठकर जूते बनाने से शुरू हुआ ये सफ़र आज पूरी दुनिया में पहुँच चुका है | आज एडिडास ब्रांड का हर सामान बनता है | लेकिन एडिडास ब्रांड का मुख्य प्रोडक्ट है स्पोर्ट्स शूज | जर्मनी के एक छोटे से कसबे में रहने वाले एडोल्फ डैस्लर ने एक सपना देखा कि दुनिया का हर खिलाड़ी उन्हीं के जूते पहनकर खेलें | सपना इतना बड़ा था कि आज तक पूरा नहीं हो पाया है | पर ऐसा कोई खेल नहीं जिसमें एडिडास का नाम जुड़ा ना हो |इसके बिना कोई भी खिलाड़ी मैदान पे नहीं उतर सकता | एडी अपने भाई रुडोल्फ़ के साथ मिलकर बाथरूम में हाथ से जूते बनाते थे | उन्होंने कभी नहीं सोचा होगा कि एक दिन ये बाथरूम प्रोडक्ट दो बड़ी कंपनी में बदल जायेगा | उनका एक ही लक्ष्य था ग्राहकों की सुविधा |

उन्होंने खिलाड़ियों से मिलकर सलाह लेना शुरू किया और लोगों की सलाह पर ही उन्होंने दुनिया का पहला स्पाइक्स जूता बनाया | 1927 में दोनों भाइयों ने कारखाना खोला | 1928 में एम्स्टर्डम ऑलंपिक में पहली बार ऑलंपिक खिलाडियों ने डैस्लर के जूते पहने | इसके बाद 1936 के बर्लिन ऑलंपिक में जेसिन ओवेन्स ने यही जूते पहनकर चार गोल्ड मैडल जीते | बस फिर तब के बाद से एडिडास को पैर मिल गए और वह अपने आप दौड़ने लगा | स्पोर्ट्स वर्ल्ड एडी डैस्लर के जूतों का दीवाना हो गया | उस समय एडिडास को डैस्लर के नाम से जाना जाता था और यह नाम 1949 में रजिस्टर किया गया | डैस्लर एक गोल्डन शूज बन गया | लेकिन कहते हैं न ! अच्छा वक्त हमेशा नहीं रहता | स्पोर्ट्स मुकाबले की तरह दोनों भाइयों में विवाद हो गया | 1948 में यहीं से दुनिया को दो कम्पनीज़ मिली | एडोल्फ़ डैस्लर ने एडिडास और रुडोल्फ़ ने प्यूमा के नाम से बिजनेस शुरू किया | एडिडास अब भी स्पोर्ट्स शूज में बादशाह है | 1987 में एडी डैस्लर ने वरीसो को कंपनी बेच दी | पर डैस्लर का नाम अब भी बाकी है | कंपनी को बेचना इसलिए भी पड़ा क्योंकि सन् 1978 में एडी डैस्लर की मृत्यु हो गयी थी | जिस समय एडोल्फ़ की मृत्यु हुई उस समय एडिडास हर साल 4.5 करोड़ जूते बना रहा था |

स्पोर्ट्स वर्ल्ड में अपना योगदान देने के लिए उन्हें अमेरिकन स्पोर्टिंग गुड्स इंडस्ट्री हॉल ऑफ़ फेम में शामिल किया गया | पहली बार यह सम्मान एक गैर सरकारी को मिला था | सन् 2006 में एडिडास ने 11.8 अरब डॉलर में प्रतिस्पर्धी कंपनी रीबोक को खरीदकर अपनी स्थिति मजबूत कर ली | एडी डैस्लर की एकाग्रता और लगन की बदौलत नामुमकिन भी मुमकिन हो गया | शायद इसलिए 2004 में एडिडास की टैग लाइन रखी गयी : “ इम्पॉसिबल इज़ नथिंग” |

Hi, Friends I’m Nisha Kaushik and आज हम बात करते है नीविया ब्रांड की | दोस्तों ! क्या आप जानते है कि नीविया क्रीम को तैयार नहीं किया गया था बल्कि नीविया का तो आविष्कार हुआ था नीविया एक नवाचारी प्राडक्ट है और इसका नाम भी बहुत अनूठा रखा गया |

सबसे प्रसिद्ध त्वजा की देखभाल ब्रांड के जन्म की शुरुआत दुनिया में तकरीबन 125 साल पहले चिन्हित की गई | नीविया एक Brilliant research वाला,Outstanding Creativity वाला और एक अच्छे कौशल व्यापर वाला उत्पाद है फार्मासिस्टपॉल बेर्सडोर्फ़ ने नीविया का फार्मूला तैयार किया | नीविया क्रीम तेल और पानी पर आधारित पहली क्रीम थी | इस क्रीम के फार्मूले को बनाने के लिए फार्मासिस्टपॉल कार्ल ने कई वर्षों तक शोध किया | नीविया शब्द लैटिन भाषा के ‘Niveus’ शब्द से लिया गया जिसका अर्थ होता है “सफ़ेद बर्फ” इस क्रीम का नाम नीविया इसलिए रखा गया क्योंकि यह क्रीम सुंदरता बढ़ाने और त्वजा को साफ करने का दावा करती थी

नीविया ब्रांड की एक खासियत यह भी है कि हर देशवासी इसे अपने ही देश का प्राडक्ट समझता है | नीविया ब्रांड को बनाने वाली जर्मन कंपनी बेर्सडोर्फ़ की शुरूआती कहानी बहुत interesting है पॉल कार्ल बेर्सडोर्फ़ ने 28 मार्च 1882 को बेर्सडोर्फ़ कंपनी की स्थापना की | उस समय यह कंपनी सौन्दर्य प्रसाधन नहीं,बल्कि मेडिकल प्लास्टर बनाती थी | कंपनी के आठ साल बाद कॉल बेर्सडोर्फ़ ने अपनी कंपनी सन 1890 में आस्कर ट्रोप्लोविट्ज को बेच दी |

    फिर बेर्सडोर्फ़ कंपनी को खरीदने के बाद आस्कर ट्रोप्लोविट्ज ने सोचा कि मेडिकल केयर प्राडक्ट्स की जगह क्यों न कॉस्मेटीक केयर प्राडक्ट्स बनाये जायें,तब उन्होंने सबसे पहले उन्होंने होठों की सुन्दरता को बढ़ाने वाली लिय बाम “लेबेलो” के नाम से सन 1909 में बाजार में उतारी | “लेबलो” लिपबाम आज भी  बेर्सडोर्फ़ का एक  लोकप्रिय ब्रांड है लेकिन फिर भी,आस्कर ट्रोप्लोविट्ज जानते से कि स्किन क्रीम के बिना कॉस्मेटीक केयर के क्षेत्र में शिखर पर पहुंचा जा सकता है | इसलिए उन्होंने 1911 में नीविया क्रीम को बाजार में उतारा गया और इसी नीविया क्रीम ने कंपनी की किस्मत को बदल दिया |ऐसा होने का एक कारण यह भी था कि इससे पहले एनिमल और वेजिटेबल फैटस पर आधारित क्रीम ही बाजार में उपलब्ध थी और यह पहली क्रीम थी जो तेल और पानी पर आधारित थी |

    बाजार में उतरने के तीन साल में ही नीविया 34 देशों में बिकने लगी बेर्सडोर्फ़ कंपनी को 1929 में हैमबर्ग में हैमबर्ग स्टॉक एक्सचंग में लिस्ट किया गया | लाइन एक्सटेंशन करने से नीविया के प्राडक्ट रेंज बढ़ी और नीविया के नाम से सनैटन लोशन,रोविंग क्रीम,शैम्पू और फेशियल टोनर भी बनने लगे | नीविया का पहला डिओडरेट सोप 1951 में और 1955 में नीविया की हैंडक्रीम बाजार में उतारी गई | आज नीविया को प्राडक्ट पोर्टफोलियो में 500 से अधिक प्राडक्ट्स हैं |

    नीविया क्रीम की सफलता को अनुमान यहीं से लगाया जा सकता है कि 1911 में नीविया क्रीम के सिर्फ 1200 टिन ही बिके थे,जबकि आज नीविया क्रीम के 15 करोड़ से भी ज्यादा टिन हर साल बिकते हैं जब नीविया  क्रीम तैयार की गई यह केवल जर्मनी में ही बिकती थी,जबकि आज नीवीया क्रीम को 200 से भी अधिक देशों में पाया जाता है |

    जब दिसम्बर 2011 में नीविया क्रीम को बाजार में उतारा गया तो उसके टिन का रंग पीला था | फिर 1925 में नीविया क्रीम को गहरे नीले टिन में रिलान्ज किया गया | उसके बाद में नीविया क्रीम के टिन पर बहुत बदलाव हुए,लेकिन नीविया की कलर ब्रान्डिंग नहीं बदली जिससे निविया  की एक अलग पहचान बनी हुई है |

सन 1941 में 2nd World war में जर्मनी की हार को बाद बेर्सडोर्फ़ कंपनी के सभी अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय ट्रेडमाकर्स को छिन लिया गया | लेकिन फिर बेर्सडोर्फ़ कंपनी के धीरे-धीरे आपने सभी ट्रेडमाकर्स को दोबारा खरीदा और सन 1997 में पोलैड  में अपना अंतिम विदेशी ट्रेडमार्क खरीदने के बाद आब एक बार फिर बेर्सडोर्फ़ कंपनी पुरे संसार में नीविया ट्रेडमार्क की स्वामी बन चुकी है |

    सन 2008 में नीविया की बेवसाइट www.nivea.com बनाई गई और नीविया की हर देश के लिए एक Local वेबसाइट भी बनाई है|

    सन 2011 हैमबर्ग में जहाँ से नीविया ब्रांड का इतिहास शुरू हुआ था में दुनिया भर के प्रशंसकों ने नीविया ब्रांड की 100 वीं वर्षगांठ मनाई |

Is it too late to be a writer or entrepreneur?

He was definitely too old. Everyone told him he was too old. Publishers hated him. He tried year after year.

He was getting tired. It was harder to get up in the morning. He hated his job. Maybe he hated his life. He was stuck.

He was getting frustrated. Rejections piling up. Another and then another and then another…

BUT… Louis L’Amour didn’t publish his first novel until he was 43 years old. Almost 20 years after he started writing on a daily basis.

Shortly before his death he said, “Only now am I getting to be a good writer. Only now.”

He was 80 years old when he said that.

By the time he died, he had written over 100 works of fiction, which sold over 320,000,000 copies.

He didn’t call himself a writer of “western” fiction. He prefers to be called a writer of “Frontier” fiction.

Everyone confronts their frontier. My fears are my frontier. Fears are the first thing I face when I wake up in the morning. The first question asked of me is how I will deal with them. Today. Now.

In Bob Dylan’s “Chronicles”, Dylan says: “I was lingering out on the pavement. There was a missing person inside of myself and I needed to find him.”

He found that missing person. Nobody was going to help him.

Every creative deals with the worst demon. Stephen Pressfield calls it the Resistance.

It never ends. It’s part of what you do.

L’Amour: “There will come a time when you believe everything is finished. Yet that will be the beginning.”

Sometimes I felt so finished I just wanted to give up. Nothing was filling the emptiness.

Change is not exciting. It’s not “Beginning, Middle, End”.

It’s: ENDING….FOG/FEAR….BEGINNING.

This is when I have to just surrender. To give up. To lose hope in order to surrender. To throw everything out and be left with nothing.

Louis L’Amour: “Anger is a killing thing: it kills the man who angers, for each rage leaves him less than he had been before – it takes something from him.”

Whenever I’m angry I try to stop myself mid-anger and ask, “What am I afraid of?” I always believe that anger is fear clothed.

“No one can get an education, for of necessity education is a continuing process.”

This is where I believe in the simple mantra: ‘plus, minus, equal’

Every day find your PLUS: someone to learn from.

Find your EQUAL: someone to challenge you.

Find your MINUS: someone to teach. For teaching solidifies the learning.

This is education. Not the standardized education we were given to train kids to be factory workers and soldiers.

L’Amour: “For one who reads, there is no limit to the number of lives that may be lived.”

A good writer pours a lifetime into a book. A good reader can steal that lifetime in just a week.Here are the excuses L’Amour had to conquer to break out of his comfort zone and achieve success:

I’m too old to start a new career.

I’ve failed too much. Nobody likes what I write.

Publishers won’t let me write more than 2 novels a year.

People are pigeonholing me into the ‘western’ genre.

The critics think I have no imagination.

320,000,000 copies later, with 100% of his books still in print, Louis L’Amour chose himself. He explored the frontier of his fears.

I’m scared every day. How will I answer the question today?

Reference:https://yourstory.com/2016/12/writer-entrepreneur/

Say goodbye to the hassles of calling customer service, Aino is here

Aino app bridges the gap between customer service departments and the end customer. It allows users to add a brand to their dashboard in order to post queries, book requests or register a complaint. And a customer care representative will call the user as per their convenience.

Since Divij Singhal is an old player of the entrepreneurship game, he found it easy to overcome the challenges today’s young entrepreneurs face. In 2004, he started his first venture with ICCS, one of the leading BPO service providers in India. With strong determination and laser focus, Divij led ICCS to new levels of scalability and witnessed the success of the company through its 2,000 employees and a turnover of Rs 40 crore.

Divij Singhal, Founder and CEO, Aino

Being in the business of outsourcing services for more than a decade, Divij took stock of the major pain areas for customers during brand service calls. And an appetite to address the problem led to the conceptualisation of mobile-based helpdesk application Aino in November.

Delhi-based Aino is a unified voice-driven platform that bridges the gap between customer service departments and the end-consumer. Catering to both B2C and B2B customers, the platform accelerates the process of hassle-free queries, requests and complaints across various categories, including utilities, travel, and consumer electronics.

"Available on both Android and iOS, Aino enables its users to add a brand to their dashboard in order to post queries, book requests or register a complaint. Customers can also request an instant call-back from the customer care representative or schedule the call at a time of their convenience." says Divji.

Basically, users can select a brand, then select an issue and place the call request to the customer service department. And anyone from that department of the brand will call the user to address the problem. Categories of brands are mentioned on the app for the convenience of the customers and each of them is given a unique subscriber ID.

Aino App

Divij, who holds a BE in Computer Science and Electronics from University Of Sussex UK, says Aino has a seed capital of Rs 1 crore, with 60-70 percent of it used in product development and in tie-ups with brands.

How it works

The startup helps businesses eliminate redundant consumer touch points and decrease call abandonment rate, thereby eradicating the cost of toll-free numbers. It claims to optimise consumer services by directly connecting the customer with the concerned consumer response team, aided by an intuitive GUI.

“Services offered by Aino reduce Average Handling Time (AHT) by a minimum 40 seconds and save up to 10 percent on customer service budgets for brands, whilst also enhancing consumer engagement and satisfaction by driving greater efficiency. This makes it the perfect tool for organisations to optimise their customer service operations,” says Divij.

For the end consumer, Aino provides the ease of receiving a call back once a call request is placed on Aino, saving the hassle of searching for a number, going through IVRS and holding the call in queue.

Aino Team

The India unified communication market is predicted to reach over $1,500 million in 2018, according to a report by 6Wresearch. Voice-based unified communication has captured a major pie of the market revenues in the India unified communication market, which can be attributed to its affordability and ease of usage.

Revenue model

Aino is currently generating revenue through its B2B model, where it charges the brands a monthly listing fee—ranging from Rs 5,000-50,000—along with per interaction/transaction cost, which is generated by its customers on the app. The platform is free for end users.

Since its launch, Aino has acquired close to 10,000 registered users who are making close to 300 calls everyday to more than 200 brands piloting the service currently. By December, the 20-member startup is expecting to have at least 10-15 paid clients.

Divij considers digital marketing platforms to be the most effective way to reach out to consumers, and is therefore leveraging platforms like Facebook, LinkedIn, Instagram and Twitter.

In 24 months, Aino aims to have 10 million users, more than 1,000 brands listed, and plans to cater to at least 20 million customer service calls every month.

The platform plans to integrate with Automatic Call Distributor (ACD) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) of different brands in order to allow consumers to receive live updates on their queries. Self-service options like recharge, bill payment, bill details, plan upgrade/change, and complaint registration are expected to be added, while other new features, such as a payment wallet for users and the issuance of brand tickets via CRM integrations, will also be launched in the near future.

Reference : https://yourstory.com/2016/12/aino-app/

Why weight loss should not be your only reason to take up a physical activity

With the new year just round the corner, most of us are already going fast on our list of resolutions. It won’t be wrong to say that if not all at least a majority of us are considering hitting the gym or taking up some form of physical activity or the other to shed those extra kilos and look fabulous. But as compelling as they may seem, let’s admit it: these resolutions are not half as easy to keep. In less than a month’s time we are most likely to get back to either crash dieting or starving ourselves in the quest to achieve that ever-elusive ‘perfect body’. Enough has already been spoken about what these can do to our bodies, but is there an incentive as glamourous as weight loss to compel you to train hard and actually help you realise your resolution in 2017?

We spoke to Grand Master Akshar of Akshar Power Yoga to understand the deeper need to exercise and why weight loss is only but a by-product of leading an overall healthy lifestyle.

How important is it for a person to pick up a physical activity and be regular at it?

In the present day lifestyle that most people follow with growing levels of stress, pollution and irregular food habits it is quite important that one takes up a physical activity and make it a habit regularly. This will ensure increased confidence, productiveness, and bring in more life to whatever one does and enjoy it.

What is the mindset with which one should take up a physical activity? What should be our primary areas of focus?

The prime focus should be to achieve wholesome wellness and be healthy. According to our Akshar Power Yoga regime we strongly follow a systematic training on weight, strength, flexibility and core muscles through the practice of meditation, pranayama, and mudra. This ensures overall contentment of mind, body and soul, thus taking care of the important aspects of peace and happiness.

Can weight loss be achieved by irregular/erratic patterns of exercise?

Weight loss can never be achieved with erratic patterns of physical activity as it is not systematic. There should be a routine of exercise and diet on a daily basis. Being regular at a physical activity is equally important as that of maintaining a proper diet.

One needs to put oneself into a system that is in sync with regular exercise and diet to achieve positive results.

What are the various benefits of regular physical activities like yoga?

Yoga is the best form of physical activity as it takes care of overall wellness and focusses on the aspects of health, mind and soul. An ideal Yoga regime like the one we follow at our academy comprises training with weight, core muscles, strength, flexibility and conditioning the mind by mudras, pranayamas, and meditation. The aim should be to attain an improved immune system, defense mechanism of the body, getting rid of internal ailments like that of stomach, kidney, liver, allergies, depression and stress, thereby contributing to a stronger body with positive vibes.

Why is our present generation so result-oriented? Do you think this attitude is resulting in short-sightedness?

We absolutely need to be result-oriented but the process needs to be holistic. It needs to be systematic in terms of practice and focus. If you are not able to achieve the desired results, then there is a definite lack in genuine efforts. When efforts are in the right direction, encompassing sincerity, integrity, peacefully – one will surely get positive results.

What are your tips/suggestions to maintain physical and emotional well-being?

In simple words, I would suggest to follow the Akshar Power Yoga regime that includes asanas, mudras, pranayama, meditation and diet– the combination of these five elements is integral to achieving wholesome wellness. The systematic engagement in this form of yoga takes care of body, mind and spirit, thus creating stronger body, healthier mind and powerful spirit. One can adopt the Akshar Power Yoga for holistic wellness, which makes oneself agile and happy.

So, this 2017, take up a physical activity for the fun of it and let it change not just the way you look, but how you feel as well.

Reference : https://yourstory.com/2016/12/weight-loss-not-reason-take-physical-activity/

Startups can make a meal of big businesses in the new tech frontier

What are global companies doing different in their digital transformation journey to stay relevant? CEOs deliberate.

It is most likely that when you wake up one morning in 2025, you will be met with the headline: ‘Accenture and Bosch Extinct’. The global behemoths, which are at the forefront of a new digitally connected world, may disappear like the dinosaurs of the past.

CEO Conclave at BengaluruITE.biz

“For all you know, a startup could well eat your lunch,”

said Krishnakumar Natarajan, Executive Chairman, Mindtree, baiting a few top CEOs, including those of Accenture and Bosch, at the CEO Conclave, ‘Define the next: New frontiers in technology and business’ at the BengaluruITE.biz that concluded yesterday.

As businesses increasingly confront a VUCA world, where there is a high sense of volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity, an important question that begs to be asked is how they are strategising to stay relevant in this new world. In this era of digital transformation, business models are being turned over their heads — the world’s largest transportation or hospitality companies are those with zero assets. Think Uber and AirBnB.

Do CXOs feel fearful that their jobs will no longer be valid? In the future, will scale and brand no longer matter? And what are global companies doing different in their digital transformation journey to stay relevant? These were some of the existential questions that the CEO panel fielded, in turn providing new insights and learnings for others.

Natarajan, who deftly steered the conversation through the alleys of self-doubts and challenges that global businesses encounter, was joined on the panel by Rekha Menon, Chairman and Managing Director of Accenture in India; Vijay Ratnaparkhe, Managing Director, Bosch; Sreekanth Arimanithaya, Managing Director, CSC India and Global Lead- Workforce Management, CSC; and P Nagaraju, CGM, Karnataka Telecom Circle, BSNL.

Disruption, disruption, disruption.

“If we don’t disrupt ourselves, someone else will,” said Ratnaparkhe, adding that by 2020, gadgets will be digitally connected to each other, and your Bosch microwave oven will actually bake you a cake. All you will need to do is give it instructions from your smartphone, sitting in your office miles away.

Rekha Menon

As Menon put it, “Before we think of changing client mindsets, we need to change ourselves,” and that involves arming the teams with the right skill sets and training.

Interestingly, she pointed out that there are encouraging examples of customers adopting digital transformation. A mining client, which had existed in the old world, is disrupting itself by putting its entire infrastructure on cloud. “It is interesting to see how they are doing capital efficiency in their location using data analytics,” she said.

But what does all this talk of digital transformation really mean to people like you and me? Ratnaparkhe gave a striking example of how this works. He said,

“When I was in Berlin recently, it was heartwarming to see that not only OEMs and companies like Bosch, but the city mayor and citizens participate in the new world order, building communities using digitisation.”

You pick up an electric car and after your work is done, park it where you get off. “Now the question is, who charges the car? Students pick up these cars and take it to a charging station. They get credits to use the car for free. This is a cue on how to build communities using technology,” added Ratnaparkhe.

Impact of automation on workforce

According to Arimanithaya, this presents a unique opportunity to develop Tier II cities in India. “By 2025, 100 million jobs will be replaced by robots. CSC plans to roll out 100–1,000 robots in India this year,” he said. Reportedly, Vinod Khosla had said 80 percent of people in the infrastructure management workforce will lose their jobs.

This impact of automation and AI on the workforce is a crucial dialogue to have, and Arimanithaya’s suggestion to look at cities other than the metros could take the sting off this fact.

Yet, for global companies, the fact remains that disruption is coming quick and fast from non-traditional industries. For example, Uber is using its traditional cab-hailing platform connecting nurses to pharmacies for vaccination requests. “Today, it is all about the art of the possible,” said Menon.

It boils down to who is creating more value. “At some point in time, there was some person who replaced the horse with the car and created value. Today, we are seeing the car being available when we want to drive without owning one; that is the creation of value,” added Ratnaparkhe.

The audience at the CEO Conclave

Talking about value, Natarajan took advantage of his moderator’s chair to ask the panelists — tongue firmly in cheek —

“With all these changes, your jobs will be lost too. How will you hold on to it?”

“I am hoping that it will then give me more time to play golf, but having said that, I will stay relevant,” said Menon.

“At CSC, I hold a dual role — one on the tech side and another on the workforce. Technology converges very fast, but human minds need not. So I will focus on human minds to converge,” shared Arimanithaya.

“I will remain on a digital journey and see how I can help Bosch digitise itself,” said Ratnaparkhe, while Nagaraju said he would become a consultant in the communications domain.

Answering his own question, Natarajan said he will opt out of the workforce and retire. But for those who will choose to run with the changes, digital transformation presents many new avenues and opportunities.

Reference : https://yourstory.com/2016/12/startups-big-businesses-digital-transformation/

The explorer’s code

The Explorer’s Code:

I wanted to wake each morning, not anxious about my day anymore. Not worried about what so-and-so would say, or where my career was going, or what was I going to write today.

My only job each day is to explore something new.

So I called up Josh and asked him how I could be an explorer. He told me.

– Have a Mission

Every day, whether it’s “be creative today.” Or “go some place you’ve never been” or “talk to ten random strangers”, make a mission.

Learn something new.

Missions are for people who DO. Mission statements are for people who DON’T.

– Uncomfortable Situation

Try to put yourself in as many uncomfortable situations as possible.

“For instance,” he said, “you should apply for a temp job. See what it’s like.”

Or maybe one day you and a friend can make a bet: who can get the furthest out of town with just $100.

The uncomfortable zone is where you find out who you are, the comfort zone is where you sleep.

Task: make a list of uncomfortable situations. Stretch the idea muscle. – Partners/Team

Josh has 100s of people who submit items to Atlas Obscura and atlasobscura.com. “There’s over 10,000 weird and obscure places on there now.”

He also started it with two partners.

Even superheroes need a team. Superman still needed the Justice League. Luke Skywalker still needed Han Solo and Princess Leia. Luke Cage needs Iron Fist and Jessica Jones.

Who are on your team? Are they good people? Do you each have your super power?

I am constantly looking for my team of fellow explorers.

“Try to experience wonder every day,” Josh told me.

A few months ago, my mission was to throw out everything I owned.

What would it be like after 40 years of collecting things, to own absolutely nothing. And a few months before that, my mission was to track down someone who had disappeared from my life.

Reference:https://yourstory.com/2016/11/explorers-code/